Природа пространства и времени

"Rechʹ idët o serʹëznom obsuzhdenii nekotorykh naibolee fundamentalʹnykh ideĭ o prirode Vselennoĭ. Konechno, do kont͡sa puti eshchë daleko - neopredelënnosti i raznoglasii͡a sokhrani͡ai͡utsi͡a do sikh por, i o nikh mozhno sporitʹ"... Osnovoĭ nauchno-populi͡arnoĭ knigi "Priroda prostranstva i vremeni" stali lekt͡sii znamenitykh angliĭskikh fizikov Stivena Khokinga i Rodzhera Penrouza. Pervymi nabli͡udali ikh polemiku o proiskhozhdenii i razvitii kosmosa studenty Kembridzhskogo universiteta. Oba uchënykh priderzhivai͡utsi͡a raznykh pozit͡siĭ v ot͡senke teorii chernykh dyr i kvantovoĭ gravitat͡sii, kotorye neposredstvenno svi͡azany s glavnymi zagadkami - poi͡avleniem i ėvoli͡ut͡sieĭ Vselennoĭ. Khoking, otkryvshiĭ izluchenie chërnykh dyr, schitaet, chto informat͡sii͡a, kotorui͡u oni vydeli͡ai͡ut, nevospolnima. Po mnenii͡u Penrouza, izmenenii͡a kvantovykh sostoi͡aniĭ vozvrashchai͡ut svedenii͡a obratno. Dvoe svetil nauki po-raznomu vidi͡at sudʹbu Vselennoĭ. Oni spori͡at ob eë zamknutosti ili otkrytosti, vozmozhnosti eë poi͡avlenii͡a v rezulʹtate teplovogo vzryva. Parallelʹno Khoking i Penrouz kasai͡utsi͡a voprosov gravitat͡sii, obratimosti vremeni, a takzhe paradoksov teorii otnositelʹnosti. Ėĭnshteĭn pisal, chto samoe nepostizhimoe vo Vselennoĭ to, chto ona postizhima. Drugimi slovami, v mire net mesta nepredskazuemomu. No byl li on prav? Mozhno li obʺedinitʹ kvantovui͡u teorii͡u poli͡a i obshchui͡u teorii͡u otnositelʹnosti, samye uspeshnye fizicheskie teorii, v odnu - teorii͡u kvantovoĭ gravitat͡sii, ili teorii͡u vsego? Mozhno li sootnesti kvantovui͡u realʹnostʹ i bezgranichnyĭ kosmos? Imenno ėtomu posvi͡ashchena diskussii͡a dvukh vedushchikh fizikov-teoretikov planety: pozitivista Stivena Khokinga i realista Rodzhera Penrouza. Pervyĭ uveren, chto OTO ne sposobna opisatʹ moment obrazovanii͡a Vselennoĭ - tolʹko novai͡a obʺedinënnai͡a teorii͡a, prinimai͡ushchai͡a uslovie ob otsutstvii granit͡s, smozhet obʺi͡asnitʹ dannye nabli͡udeniĭ. Vtoroĭ zhe, ravno kak Alʹbert Ėĭnshteĭn, stavit pod somnenie bezogovorochnostʹ kvantovoĭ teorii i uveren, chto Vselennai͡a budet rasshiri͡atʹsi͡a vechno, i ėto mozhno obʺi͡asnitʹ posredstvom geometrii svetovykh konusov, szhatii͡a i iskazhenii͡a tkani prostranstva-vremeni i ego sobstvennoĭ tvistornoĭ teorii. Argumenty i kontrargumenty - na privychnom dli͡a uchënykh i͡azyke formul i strogikh rassuzhdeniĭ - avtory predstavili v formate lekt͡siĭ, kotorye iznachalʹno byli prochitany v Institute matematicheskikh nauk Isaaka Nʹi͡utona (Kembridzh).

"This is a serious discussion of some of the most fundamental ideas about the nature of the Universe. Of course, the end of the road is still far away-uncertainties and disagreements still remain, and they can be argued about.".. The basis of the popular science book "the Nature of space and time" were lectures by famous English physicists Stephen Hawking and Roger Penrose. The first to observe their controversy about the origin and development of space students at Cambridge University. Both scientists hold different positions in assessing the theory of black holes and quantum gravity, which are directly related to the main mysteries — the appearance and evolution of the Universe. Hawking, who discovered the radiation of black holes, believes that the information they emit is irreplaceable. According to Penrose, changes in quantum States bring information back. The two luminaries of science see the fate of the Universe differently. They argue about its isolation or openness, the possibility of its appearance as a result of a thermal explosion. In parallel, Hawking and Penrose deal with questions of gravity, the reversibility of time,and the paradoxes of relativity. Einstein wrote that the most incomprehensible thing in the universe is that It is comprehensible. In other words, there is no place for the unpredictable in the world. But was he right? Is it possible to combine quantum field theory and General relativity, the most successful physical theories, into one-the theory of quantum gravity, or the theory of everything? Is it possible to correlate quantum reality and boundless space? This is the subject of a discussion between two of the world's leading theoretical physicists: the positivist Stephen Hawking and the realist Roger Penrose. The first is sure that GRT is not able to describe the moment of formation of the Universe — only a new unified theory, accepting the condition of no boundaries, will be able to explain the observational data. The second, like albert Einstein, questions the absolute validity of quantum theory and believes that the universe will expand forever, and this can be explained by the geometry of light cones, compression and distortion of the fabric of space-time, and his own twistor theory. Arguments and counterarguments — in the usual language of formulas and strict reasoning for scientists-were presented by the authors in the format of lectures that were originally delivered at the Isaac Newton Institute of mathematical Sciences (Cambridge).