О свободе

Vnimanii͡u chitateleĭ predlagaetsi͡a novyĭ perevod (pervyĭ posle 1901 g.) znamenitogo ocherka Dzhona Sti͡uarta Milli͡a "O svobode", opublikovannogo v 1859 g. i s tekh por nepreryvno obsuzhdaemogo politicheskimi filosofami. V nem Millʹ vpervye stavit vopros ob otnoshenii individa ne tolʹko k t͡serkvi i gosudarstvu, no i k obshchestvu, pytai͡asʹ opredelitʹ granit͡su, dalʹshe kotoroĭ obshchestvennoe mnenie ne mozhet zakonno vmeshivatʹsi͡a v lichnui͡u nezavisimostʹ. Sformulirovannai͡a zdesʹ doktrina vzaimootnosheniĭ individa i obshchestva sostoit iz trekh glavnykh svobod lichnosti (I.12), dvukh maksim ob otvetstvennosti lichnosti pered obshchestvom (V.II, I.9-10, IV.4-7) i trekh vozrazheniĭ protiv gosudarstvennogo vmeshatelʹstva (V.18-20). Millʹ utverzhdaet, chto li͡udi dolzhny bytʹ svobodny postupatʹ tak, kak im khochetsi͡a, esli ikh deĭstvii͡a ne vredi͡at drugim. On podcherkivaet vazhnostʹ svobody mysli i vyrazhenii͡a mneniĭ, individualʹnosti kak ėlementa blagosostoi͡anii͡a i neobkhodimosti zashchishchatʹ mnenii͡a menʹshinstva ot "tiranii bolʹshinstva". V ocherke "T͡Sivilizat͡sii͡a" (1836) avtor opisyvaet problemu, reshenie kotoroĭ predlagaetsi͡a v "O svobode": v rezulʹtate estestvennogo rosta t͡sivilizat͡sii vlastʹ perekhodit ot otdelʹnykh vydai͡ushchikhsi͡a lichnosteĭ k massam, dli͡a kotorykh kharakterno neprii͡aznennoe otnoshenie k individualʹnosti. Dli͡a udobstva chitateleĭ i issledovateleĭ izdanie soderzhit tematicheskiĭ i predmetno imennoĭ ukazateli.

Readers are offered a new translation (the first after 1901) of John Stuart Mill's famous essay "On Freedom", published in 1859 and continuously discussed by political philosophers since then. In it, Mill for the first time raises the question of the individual's attitude not only to the church and the state, but also to society, trying to determine the boundary beyond which public opinion cannot legitimately interfere with personal independence. The doctrine of the relationship between the individual and society formulated here consists of three main individual freedoms (I.12), two maxims on individual responsibility to society (V.II, I.9-10, IV.4-7) and three objections to government intervention (V.18-20). Mill argues that people should be free to do as they wish, as long as their actions do not harm others. He emphasizes the importance of freedom of thought and expression, individuality as an element of well-being, and the need to protect minority opinions from the "tyranny of the majority." In the essay "Civilization" (1836), the author describes the problem, the solution of which is proposed in "On Freedom": as a result of the natural growth of civilization, power passes from individual outstanding personalities to the masses, which are characterized by a hostile attitude towards individuality. For the convenience of readers and researchers, the publication contains thematic and subject-specific indexes.