This is the first study in the world in which folk ideas about the night sky are considered as a unique historical source that sheds light on the evolution of culture from the Paleolithic to the Middle Ages. The myths of the peoples of Eurasia, Africa and the Americas were in the author's field of view. Based on the predominance of one or another "star" motif, it is possible to draw a conclusion about the cultural kinship of peoples, as well as about their geographical proximity in the distant past. Often this conclusion is surprising and revolutionary.Yuri Brezkin --- Doctor of Historical Sciences, Head of the Department of America of the Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Kunstkamera), Professor of the Faculty of Anthropology of the EUSP, one of the creators of the catalog of folklore and mythology of the world, one of the few world experts in comparative mythology, author of books and articles.