Филипп Красивый и его сыновья. Франция в конце XIII-XIV в.

Ėpokha poslednikh Kapetingov (1285-1328) - vremi͡a velikikh sversheniĭ frant͡suzskoĭ monarkhii. Glavnym deĭstvui͡ushchim lit͡som ėtoĭ ėpokhi po pravu i͡avli͡aetsi͡a frant͡suzskiĭ korolʹ Filipp IV Krasivyĭ - surovyĭ i mogushchestvennyĭ pravitelʹ, kotoryĭ byl zagadkoĭ uzhe dli͡a svoikh sovremennikov. Ego nazyvali 'zheleznym korolem' i 'korolem iz mramora'. Imenno v ego t͡sarstvovanie Frant͡sii͡a dostigla vershiny svoego mogushchestva. Filipp IV borolsi͡a s papstvom, otkazavshisʹ priznatʹ verkhovenstvo dukhovnoĭ vlasti nad svetskoĭ i polozhiv nachalo 'Avinʹonskomu plenenii͡u pap'; rasshiril vladenii͡a frant͡suzskoĭ korony, podaviv soprotivlenie krupnykh senʹorov. Pri Filippe blistatelʹnoe frant͡suzskoe ryt͡sarstvo vpervye poterpelo porazhenie ot pekhotint͡sev, flamandskikh tkacheĭ i remeslennikov, v znamenitoĭ bitve pri Kurtre. I imenno po raspori͡azhenii͡u Filippa v t͡sentre Parizha stali stroitʹ Sobor Parizhskoĭ Bogomateri, vposledstvii prevrativshiĭsi͡a v glavnyĭ simvol frant͡suzskoĭ stolit͡sy. Nakonet͡s, pravlenie Filippa otmecheno gromkim sobytiem, ostavivshim po sebe dolgui͡u pami͡atʹ, - arestom, sudom i kaznʹi͡u ryt͡sareĭ-monakhov iz ordena tamplierov.

The era of the last Capetians (1285-1328) is the time of the great achievements of the French monarchy. The main character of this era is rightfully the French King Philip IV the Handsome - a stern and powerful ruler who was already a mystery to his contemporaries. He was called the 'iron king' and the 'king of marble'. It was during his reign that France reached the peak of its power. Philip IV fought against the papacy, refusing to recognize the supremacy of spiritual power over secular and initiating the "Avignon captivity of the popes"; expanded the possessions of the French crown, suppressing the resistance of major lords. Under Philip, the brilliant French chivalry was defeated for the first time by infantry, Flemish weavers and artisans, in the famous Battle of Courtrai. And it was by order of Philip that the Notre Dame Cathedral began to be built in the center of Paris, which later turned into the main symbol of the French capital. Finally, Philip's reign was marked by a high-profile event that left a long memory in itself - the arrest, trial and execution of knights monks from the Templar Order.