How do you find out the history of civilizations that have not yet invented writing, whose documents are not stored in archives? For example, simultaneously with the construction of the pyramids in Egypt, the Trypillian agricultural "civilization"developed on the territory of Ukraine. We know all the evidence about it exclusively from excavations. The pre-written history of mankind covers a period of more than two million years. And most of the sources for writing the history of the ancient world were obtained by archaeologists. And how did climate and geography affect the development of history? Due to its diverse climatic zoning, Ukrainian territories have long been a zone of contacts and conflicts of various civilizations. The authors of this book reflect on the ancient history of Ukraine.